Management of early−stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is complex with multiple treatment strategies available. We performed this real−world multi−centre cohort study in two liver transplant centres (LTCs) and eight non-transplant centres (NTCs) across Australia to assess for variation in patterns of care and key survival outcomes.
Patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) 0/A HCC, first diagnosed between 01/01/2016 and 31/12/2020 who were managed at a participating site were included in the study. Patients were excluded if they had a history of prior HCC or if they received upfront liver transplantation.
A total of 887 patients were included in the study, with 433 patients managed at LTC and 454 patients managed at NTC. Management at a LTC did not significantly predict allocation to resection using multivariable binary logistic regression adjusting for tumour burden as well as age, gender, liver disease aetiology, liver disease severity and medical comorbidities (adjusted OR 0.75 95%CI 0.50 to 1.11, p=0.148). However, in those not receiving resection, LTC and NTC patients were systematically managed differently, with LTC patients five times less likely to receive upfront ablation than NTC patients (adjusted OR 0.19, 95%CI 0.13 to 0.28, p<0.001). LTC patients had significantly higher proportions of patients undergoing TACE for every tumour burden category, including those with single tumour 2cm or less (p<0.001). 42 of 887 patients (4.7%) underwent transplantation during follow-up, with higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) in LTC patients who received liver transplant compared to NTC patients (median 5 vs 3, p=0.028). Using multivariable Cox−proportional hazards analysis, management at a transplant centre was associated with reduced all−cause mortality (adjusted HR 0.71, 95%CI 0.51 to 0.98, p=0.036) and competing−risk regression analysis considering liver transplant as a competing event demonstrated a similar reduction in risk (adjusted HR 0.70., 95% CI 0.50 to 0.99, p=0.041).